Artificial intelligence is often seen as a mirror of human intelligence, an attempt to replicate the processes that occur within a human mind. However, a different perspective is presented in the book Feeding the Machine, co-authored by Prof. Mark Graham. AI is described as an “extraction machine.” When users interact with AI products, they typically only see the surface and the outputs it generates. In reality, the extraction machine absorbs vital inputs—capital, power, natural resources, human labor, data, and collective intelligence—and transforms them into statistical predictions, which AI companies convert into profits. This process requires control over material infrastructure, workers, and knowledge.

The talk introduces the Fairwork project, an action research methodology designed to hold companies within the AI production network accountable. It examines how the Fairwork methodology has successfully functioned in the gig economy, having scored nearly 700 companies to date. Fairwork works with platforms to encourage pro-worker changes to policies and practices. Guided by the Fairwork Principles, companies improve conditions for workers and develop safer, fairer businesses. As a result of Fairwork’s engagement, 64 companies have agreed to implement 300 pro-worker changes, covering all five Fairwork Principles. These changes include ensuring minimum or living wages, GDPR-compliant data management, sickness insurance, contracts aligned with local legislation, anti-discrimination policies, the election of workers’ representatives, and collaboration with local workers’ associations.

The talk further explores how this methodology will be extended to AI supply chains to compel companies to act more responsibly.

Bio:

Mark Graham is the professor of Internet Geography at the Oxford Internet Institute, a senior research fellow at Green Templeton College, a research affiliate in the University of Oxford’s School of Geography and the Environment, a research associate at the Centre for Information Technology and National Development in Africa at the University of Cape Town, a visiting researcher at the Berlin Social Science Centre, and a faculty affiliate at the Institute for the Cooperative Digital Economy (ICDE) at The New School.

Graham’s research examines how digital technologies intersect with geographic contexts, transforming work, value chains, and inequalities on a global scale. He asks who ultimately benefits—and who is excluded—when the places in which we live and work become more deeply integrated with digital systems. His focus is particularly on data workers at the economic periphery and the working conditions they face. He also leads the Fairwork action research initiative, which evaluates companies and encourages adherence to fair labour standards.

Graham has contributed extensively to policy development for organizations and governments worldwide, serving as an appointed expert for the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, a task force coordinator for the 2024 G20’s Task Force on “New Digital Technologies for SDGs and Decent Work,” and a member of the UK’s DFID Digital Advisory Panel (2014–2016). His research has informed the World Bank and UNCTAD’s major reports, and he has presented to various high level advisory committees—including the FCDO’s Technology and Geopolitics Roundtable, the G20 Working Group on Development, and the International Telecommunications Union. Through these engagements, he has helped shape digital development strategies and labour policies across Europe, Africa, and beyond.

His most recent book, Feeding the Machine, rips away AI’s veneer to reveal the global production networks that sustain it—a hidden labour force of millions enduring appalling conditions so these technologies can exist. Drawing on hundreds of interviews and thousands of hours of fieldwork over more than a decade, it presents a look at the organizations that exploit human labour and collective intelligence to fuel AI’s relentless appetite for data. The book challenges the power structures that keep these workers invisible, showing how AI operates like an extraction machine—churning through ever-larger datasets while concealing the people whose backs it is built upon. Feeding the Machine a call to arms against this exploitative system and details what we need to do, individually and collectively, to fight for a more just digital future. It has been translated into Chinese, German, Korean, Russian, and Spanish.

In-person attendance is open to Princeton University faculty, staff and students. This talk will not be livestreamed or recorded.

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